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psychometrics |
make measurements/assessments for psychology |
developmental |
study changes as people age |
educational |
study how people learn and study |
personality |
study patterns of thinking/behavior |
social |
study SOCIAL interactions in groups, gangs, cults, |
industrial-organizational |
how to better workplace, productivity, assist with recruitment/assessment of employees |
human factors/engineering/ergonomics |
why are products designed the way they are, consider human preferences in product design |
counseling |
need masters, deals with minor life issues, cannot diagnose disorders |
clinical |
diagnoses disorders, need PhD, cannot prescribe med |
psychiatrists |
diagnose disorders, prescribe medicine |
community psychology |
study interactions between people and environment |
Psychology definition |
scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
roots of psychology |
biology and philosophy |
monism |
mind and body are the same thing, consciousness (mind) is a function of the brain |
dualism |
mind and body are separate, consciousness interacts with body |
empiricism |
method of research that draws conclusions only from observations, NO ASSUMPTIONS |
Wilhelm Wundt |
first to do lab experiments, founded structuralism |
Edward Tichener |
set up introspection lab in Cornell, studied structuralism |
G. Stanley Hall |
introspection lab in John Hopkins, founded APA and was first prez. |
William James |
founded functionalism |
Mary Whiton Calkins |
completed PhD, didn't graduate, first female prez of APA, studied structuralism and functionalism |
Margaret Washburn |
first to graduate with PhD, second femala APA prez. |
Functionalism |
studied purpose of thoughts and actions and behavior |
structuralism |
study basic elements of consciousness, thoughts and feelings |
Gestalt Psychology |
opposite of structuralism, studied consciouness as a whole, idea that brain perceives things as a whole, (figure-ground, closure, similarity, proximity, connectedness, continuity) |
Behaviorists (list) |
Ivan Pavlov, B.F Skinner, John B. Watson |
studied psychodynamic |
sigmund freud |
humanists |
abraham maslow and carl rogers |
evoluntionists |
charles darwin |
figure-ground phenomenon |
subconsciously distinguishing between foreground and background |
closure |
see things as completed when its not |
similarity |
same appearances –> grouped together |
proximity |
close together –> grouped together |
continuity |
tendency to see lines in a smooth fluid motion |
connectedness |
things physically connected together –> associated together |